Price steering for households with electric vehicles and solar panels

This paper describes a robust charging controller for households with electric vehicles and solar panels using a multi-stage architecture and scaling of the solar prediction using a factor α. This controller is tested in simulations and in an experiment. The simulations give an average charging cost of 0.185 e/kWh which is 0.04 e/kWh more expensive than the optimal cost and 0.13 e/kWh cheaper than uncontrolled charging. The controller also achieves a PV utilisation of 100% and has the low average of 0.046 kWh of not reached charging demands. The controller is tested on a charger and this shows that the controller is able to adapt within seconds to changing PV production, helping to reach the charging demand within time.